Article Citation:
Girish Chopra, Anil K. Tyor and Seema Kumari
A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India)
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Journal of Research in Biology
A study on the wetland avian species of Sultanpur National Park
Gurgaon, Haryana (India)
Keywords:
Wetland, Wetland Species, Water Birds, Water Associated Birds, Sultanpur National Park.
ABSTRACT:
The present study was conducted in Sultanpur National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India) from February, 2011 to January, 2013 to analyze the avian diversity along with its status and abundance. During the study period, a total of 79 wetland species belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 56 genera were identified. The order Anseriformes was the most dominant represented by 18.9% of the total identified wetland avian species followed by Charadriiformes (17.72%), Passeriformes (16.45%), Ciconiiformes (15.18%) and Pelecaniformes (5.06%). The order Apodiformes and Podicipediformes were the least represented order (1.26%) with one species each, namely, Swift, Apus apus and Little Grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis respectively. Out of total 79 wetland avian species, 31 were ‘occasional’ species, 13 were ‘uncommon’ species, 12 were ‘abundant’ species, 11 were ‘common’ species and 12 were ‘rare’ species. Based on the frequency of sighting, Pied King Fisher, Ceryle rudis; Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater, Merops leschenaultia; Cotton Pygmy Goose, Nettapus coromandelianus; Eurasian Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia; Little-ringed Plover, Charadrius dubius; Pheasant-Tailed Jacana, Hydrophasianus chirurgus were ‘rarely sighted’ wetland species.
1032-1040 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 5
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www.jresearchbiology.com
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Authors:
Girish Chopra,
Anil K. Tyor and
Seema Kumari*
Institution:
Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra- 136119, Haryana (India)
Corresponding author:
Seema Kumari
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0370.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 24 July 2013 Accepted: 30 July 2013 Published: 23 Aug 2013
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
INTRODUCTION
The wetlands can be defined as transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where the water table is near the surface or land is covered by shallow water (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1986). One of the best functions of wetlands is that these provide the best preferred ground for feeding, breeding, nesting, roosting for birds as well as rearing site for their young ones (Stewart, 2007). According to Vyas, (1992), freshwater wetland alone support 20% of known range of biodiversity in India Therefore, monitoring of these sites provides valuable information about the ecological health and status thereof, which can be a key tool for developing awareness regarding the importance and conservation value of wetlands. wetlands are used by birds for the purpose of feeding, nesting and roosting and these birds are generally classify as „water birds‟ or popularly known as waterfowls and waders. According to Kumar et al., (2011), bird groups like kingfishers, raptors and some passerines are also ecologically depend on wetlands, hence known as wetland dependent/associated birds. These birds are the essential component of wetland ecosystem, as they form important links in the food web and nutrient cycles.
From time to time various ornithologists have studied flora and fauna in various wetland ecosystems in protected areas (Saxena, 1975; Hussain et al., 1984; Singh and Roy, 1990; Hosetti et al., 2001; Bhat et al., 2009; Chopra and Sharma, 2012).
Sultanpur National Park is one of the famous wetlands in northern India. This national park is considered as a major habitat for the cross boundary migratory birds. Keeping in view of the conservational values of wetland birds, systematic efforts have been made during the present study with an objective to prepare the exhaustive checklist of wetland and wetland dependent/associated birds of Sultanpur National Park.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sultanpur National Park (28°28‟ N latitude and 76° 53‟ E longitudes) (Fig. 1) is located in a predominantly agricultural landscape with an area of 13,727 ha and includes its core area of 143 ha of low-lying marshes, which were notified as a bird sanctuary
by the Haryana State Government in 1971 (Kalpavriksh, 1994). Sultanpur Lake is a seasonal lake with irregular margins and fluctuating water level throughout the year, being maximum water level in rainy season and winters, and nearly dried condition during hot summer season. Periodic fortnightly visits were conducted from February, 2011 to January, 2013 in terrestrial and aquatic habitats in the area in the early morning and later in the evening to record avian species. Line transects method (Sale and Berkmuller, 1988) and point count methods (Blondel, et al., 1981) were used to enumerate the population of birds‟ species. Binoculars (Nikon 7×50 CF) were used to locate/identify the distant birds, Sony handy cam models DCR-HC-42E and digital camera Nikon L-120 model were used to take photograph of the birds encountered. Later, the wetland populations were identified with the help of different field guides (Ali and Ripley, 1987; Grimmett et al., 1998 and Inskipp et al., 1999).
Seasonal variation in avian diversity was recorded in different season‟s viz., winter, summer, monsoon and autumn seasons. On the basis of frequency of sighting, the observed birds were segregated following Srinivasulu and Nagulu (2002), as Ab-abundant (encounter rate 95 % to 100 %); Cm- common (encounter rate 65% to 95%); Uc- uncommon (encounter rate 40% to 60%) Oc - occasional (encounter rate 20% to 40%); and Rr- rare (encounter rate less than 20%). Status of the birds were categorized as: RS- resident species (found in the study area throughout the year); WM- winter migrant species (found in the study area only in winter season); LM- local migrant species (found irregularly in study site but resident of India); SM- summer migrant species (found in the study area only during summer season) and SU- status unknown species (not observed in any of the above mentioned categories).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Besides being ideal indicators of the health of wetland, the wetland birds play a significant role in human lives culturally, socially and scientifically (Stewart, 2007). As a wetland ecosystem, Sultanpur National Park provided varied habitats, including forest patch and low laying marshy areas for nesting and feeding of various types of birds.
During the study period of two years from February, 2011 to January, 2013, 79 wetland species belongings to 10 orders, 23 families and 57 genera were reported from Sultanpur National Park (Table 1). These include both water bird species and water associated bird species; former were significantly more than latter. A checklist of the wetland birds observed during the study period along with their conservation status and abundance is represented in Table 1.
Earlier studies have also revealed the existence of significant number of wetland avian species in the wetland area of Haryana (Harvey, 2003; Gupta and Kaushik, 2008; Gupta et al., 2011 and Chopra and Sharma, 2012). Harvey (2003) reported a total of 102 wetland avian species which includes 58 species occasional and 44 species of uncommon bird in the wetland of Sultanpur region of Gurgaon district (Haryana). Gupta and Kaushik, (2008) reported a total of 80 wetland avian species belonged to 10 orders and 20 families in northern Haryana. Gupta and Kaushik, (2011) reported 47 species of wetland birds belonging to 9 orders and 13 families in the wetland area of Yamunanagar District (Haryana). Chopra and Sharma, (2012) reported 88 wetland avian species belonging to 17 orders and 32 families in the wetland area of Panchkula district of Haryana.
During the present study, out of total reported 79 wetland avian species, 20 (25.3%) were „resident‟ species and 59 (74.6%) were „migrant‟ species. The migrant species included 11 (14%) local migrants, 43 (55%) winter migrants and only 5(6%) summer migrants
(Fig 2). The present study revealed that local migrants such as, Great Egret (Casmerodius albus), Open Billed Stork (Anastomus oscitans) and Pacific Reef Egret (Egretta sacra) were observed irregularly from the study site. Maximum numbers of migrant species were reported in the winter season because migratory water birds species like Bar headed Goose (Anser indicus), Grey Leg Goose (Anser anser), Cotton Pygmy Goose
(Nettapus coromandelianus), Gadwall (Anas strepera) and Eurasian Wigeon (Anas Penelope) visit this place from December to February. Minimum numbers of water bird were observed in the month of May and June.
Wetland species adapt differently to different water levels as the food preference of water birds changes with fluctuation in the water level (Mukherjee, 1972). Red Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) and Black Winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) (Order- Gruiformes) were observed at variable water levels of the lake but other representatives of this avian order, namely, Spotted Sandpiper (Tringa erythropus), Common Red Shank (Tringa tetanus) and Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) occupied the lake only in shallow regions. Their arrival coincided with the reduction in water level in the lake so that, they could avail the food easily by probing into the mud. Similar observations were made earlier on water birds of Sunderban (Mukherjee, 1972) and Anekere wetland of Karnataka (Bhat et al., 2009). The present study also revealed that Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) (Order-Ciconiformes) was observed throughout of the year even when the water level in the lake was drastically reduced in summer months (May and June), while another representative of this order, i.e., Black neck Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) was sighted during the starting of winter season when the water level in the Sultanpur lake was elevated.
During the present study among 79 wetland species, 12 (15%) species were „abundant‟, 11(14%) species were „common‟, 31 (39%) species were „occasional‟, 14 (18%) species were „uncommon‟ and 11 (14%) species were „rare‟ (Fig 3). On the basis of frequency of sighting common wetland species included Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos), Gadwall, (Anas strepera), Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica), Common Teal (Anas crecca), Garganey (Anas querquedula), Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) on the other hand, Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Open Billed Stork (Anastomus oscitans), Tufted Pochard (Aythya fuligula), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), Common Redshank (Tringa tetanus), Spotted Redshank
(Tringa erythropus), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) were the „uncommon‟ wetland birds and Pied King Fisher (Ceryle rudis), Chestnut Headed Bee-Eater (Merops leschenaultia), Cotton Pygmy Goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Little-ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius), Pheasant-Tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) were „rarely sighted‟ wetland species. Maximum wetland bird species in the study area belonged to order
Anseriformes (15, 18.9%) followed by Charadriiformes (14, 17.72%), Passeriformes (13, 16.45%), Ciconiiformes (12, 15.18%), Falconiformes (7, 8.86%), Gruiiformes (5, 6.32%) and Pelecaniformes (4, 5.06%) while the representative of the order Apodiformes and Podicipediformes were represented by single species, i.e, Swift (Apus apus) and Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis) respectively (Tables 1 and 2). All the 15 members of order Anseriformes belonged to the single family, i.e., Anatidae constituting 18.9% of the total wetland avian species, whereas representative of the order Charadriiformes belonged to 4 families namely, Charadriidae (3), Jacanidae (1), Scolopocidae (8) and Recurvirostridae (2) consitituting 3.79%; 1.26%; 10.12% and 2.53% respectively. The families, Bucerotidae, Coraciidae (Order- Coraciiformes); Oriolidae, Dicruridae (Order- Passeriformes); Apodidae (Order- Apodiformes); Gruidae (Order- Gruiiformes) and Jacanidae (Order-Charadriiformes) were represented by single species (Table-2). In the terrestrial habitats, majority of the reported avian species belonged to order Passeriformes and representative of this order utilize grassland and terrestrial ecosystem for feeding, breeding and roosting purpose (Sundar, 2005; Urfi et al., 2005 Shahabuddin et al., 2006; Sultana et al., 2007; Pande et al., 2007, Chopra et al., 2012). However, during the present study in Sultanpur National Park only 13 wetland avian species, i.e., 16.45% of the total sighted wetland avian fauna represented this order (Table 2).
During the present study most of wetland avian species were observed near the submerged vegetation of wetland area and utilized these vegetation for nesting, roosting and feeding ground whereas, Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Open Billed Stork (Anastomus oscitans) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus) were found to utilize the wetland area for feeding purpose and trees were mainly used for nesting and roosting by these species.
CONCLUSION
It is revealed that a total of 79 wetland species were observed which includes 12 species of abundant
category, 11 species of common category, 31 species of occasional category, 13 species were of uncommon category with 12 species were rare sighted wetland species. Though, Sultanpur National Park has a rich diversity of flora and fauna and important attracting wetland area for Anseriformes, increased anthropogenic factors such as habitat fragmentation and destruction, tourism pressure and scarcity of water during the summer season impose threats to these avian fauna. Besides, the herds of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Stray dogs and wild cattle also occasionally trampled the chicks and eggs of water birds in this national park. Successful conservation of the avian species will depend on improved understanding of ecological requirements and number of visitor birds. Further survey and intensive studies in different seasons will be helpful in drafting conservational strategies of the wetland in general and wetland birds in particular.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grate full to Wildlife Department Panchkula for giving permission to work in protected area. The corresponding author dully acknowledges UGC fellowship for financial support.
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Chopra et al., 2013
1033 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Fig. 1(a) Location of study site within the
map of Haryana
Fig.1(b) Diagrammatic presentation of
Sultanpur National Park
Chopra et al., 2013
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1034
Chopra et al., 2013
1035 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Order |
Family |
Common name |
Zoological name |
Status |
Abundance |
1.Podicipediformes |
Podicipedidae |
Little Grebe |
1.Tachybaptus ruficollis |
RS |
Oc |
2.Pelecaniformes |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Little Cormorant |
2.Phalacrocorax niger |
RS |
Cm |
|
|
Great Cormorant |
3. Phalacrocorax carbo |
LM |
Oc |
|
|
Indian Cormorant |
4. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis |
RS |
Cm |
|
|
Darter |
5. Anhinga melanogaster |
LM |
Oc |
3.Ciconiiformes |
Ardeidae |
Grey Heron |
6. Ardea cinerea |
LM |
Uc |
|
|
Purple Heron |
7. Ardea purpurea |
RS |
Oc |
|
|
Indian Pond Heron |
8. Ardeola grayii |
RS |
Ab |
|
|
Great Egret |
9. Casmerodius albus |
LM |
Oc |
|
|
Little Egret |
10. Egretta garzetta |
LM |
Uc |
|
|
Cattle Egret |
11. Bubulcus ibis |
RS |
Ab |
|
|
Intermediate Egret |
12. Mesophoyx intermedia |
LM |
Oc |
|
Ciconiidae |
Painted Stork Black Necked Stork |
13. Mycteria leucocephala 14. Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus |
RS WM |
Ab Rr |
|
|
Open Billed Stork |
15. Anastomus oscitans |
LM |
Uc |
|
Threskiornithidae |
Black headed Ibis |
16. Threskiornis melanocephalus |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Eurasian Spoonbill |
17. Platalea leucorodia |
SM |
Rr |
4.Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Greylag Goose |
18. Anser anser |
WM |
Ab |
|
|
Bar Headed Goose |
19. Anser indicus |
WM |
Ab |
|
|
Spot Billed Duck |
20. Anas poecilorhyncha |
WM |
Ab |
|
|
Common Pochard |
21. Aythya ferina |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Eurasian Wigeon |
22. Anas penelope |
WM |
Ab |
|
|
Tufted Pochard |
23. Aythya fuligula |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Cotton Pygmy Goose |
24. Nettapus coromandelianus |
WM |
Rr |
|
|
Ruddy Shelduck |
25. Tadorna ferruginea |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Northern Pintail |
26. Anas acuta |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Mallard |
27. Anas platyrhynchos |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Gadwall |
28. Anas strepera |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Northern Shoveler |
29. Anas clypeata |
WM |
Ab |
|
|
Lesser Whistling Duck |
30.Dendrocygna javanica |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Common Teal |
31. Anas crecca |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Garganey |
32. Anas querquedula |
WM |
Cm |
5.Falconiformes |
Accipitridae |
Black Kite |
33. Milvus migrans |
LM |
Oc |
|
|
Black Eagle |
34. Ictinaetus malayensis |
LM |
Rr |
|
|
Shikra |
35. Accipiter badius |
RS |
Uc |
|
|
Brahminy Kite |
36. Haliastur Indus |
LM |
Oc |
|
|
Black winged Kite |
37. Elanus caeruleus |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Sparrow Hawk |
38. Accipiter nisus |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Pied Harrier |
39. Circus melanoleucos |
LM |
Oc |
Table 1: Systematic position, status and abundance of wetland species in Sultanpur
National Park Gurgaon, Haryana (India).
Chopra et al., 2013
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1036
6.Gruiformes |
Gruidae |
Sarus Crane |
40.Grus antigone |
RS |
Oc |
|
Rallidae |
White Breasted Waterhen |
41.Amaurornis phoenicurus |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Common Moorhen |
42.Gallinula chloropus |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Purple Swamphen |
43.Porphyrio porphyrio |
WM |
Cm |
|
|
Common Coot |
44.Fulica atra |
WM |
Ab |
7.Charadriiformes |
Charadriidae |
Little-ringed Plover |
45.Charadrius dubius |
WM |
Rr |
|
|
Red-wattled Lapwing |
46.Vanellus indicus |
RS |
Ab |
|
|
White-tailed Lapwing |
47.Vanellus leucurus |
WM |
Oc |
|
Jacanidae |
Pheasant-Tailed Jacana |
48.Hydrophasianus chirurgus |
SM |
Rr |
|
Scolopacidae |
Common Redshank |
49.Tringa tetanus |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Spotted Redshank |
50.Tringa erythropus |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Common Sandpiper |
51.Actitis hypoleucos |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Wood Sandpiper |
52.Tringa glareola |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Green Sandpiper |
53.Tringa ochropus |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Marsh sandpiper |
54.Tringa stagnatilis |
WM |
Rr |
|
|
Little Stint |
55.Calidris minuta |
WM |
Rr |
|
|
Ruff |
56.Philomachus pugnax |
WM |
Uc |
|
Recurvirostridae |
Black-winged Stilt |
57.Himantopus himantopus |
RS |
Ab |
|
|
Black-necked Stilt |
58.Himantopus mexicanus |
WM |
Rr |
8.Apodiformes |
Apodidae |
Swift |
59.Apus apus |
RS |
Oc |
9.Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
White Throated Kingfisher |
60.Halcyon smyrnensis |
RS |
Cm |
|
|
Pied Kingfisher |
61.Ceryle rudis |
WM |
Rr |
|
Meropidae |
Green Bee-eater |
62.Merops orientalis |
RS |
Cm |
|
|
Blue Cheeked Bee-eater |
63.Merops persicus |
R |
Oc |
|
|
Chestnut Headed Bee-eater |
64.Merops leschenaulti |
SM |
Rr |
|
Coraciidae |
Indian Roller |
65.Coracias benghalensis |
RS |
Oc |
|
Bucerotidae |
Indian Grey Hornbill |
66.Ocyceros birostris |
RS |
Oc |
10.Passeriformes |
Hirundinidae |
Red Rumped Swallow |
67.Hirundo daurica |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Plain Martin |
68.Riparia paludicola |
RS |
Oc |
|
Oriolidae |
Eurasian Golden Oriole |
69.Oriolus oriolus |
WM |
Uc |
|
Dicruridae |
Black Drongo |
70.Dicrurus macrocercus |
RS |
Ab |
|
Muscicapidae |
Hodgson Bush Chat |
71.Saxicola insignis |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Orange Headed Thrush |
72.Zoothera citrina |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Blue-throat |
73.Luscinia svecica |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Rusty-tailed Flycatcher |
74.Muscicapa ruficauda |
SM |
Uc |
|
|
Red -throated Flycatcher |
75.Ficedula parva |
SM |
Oc |
|
Motacillidae |
Paddy-field Pipit |
76.Anthus rufulus |
RS |
Oc |
|
|
White Wagtail |
77.Motacilla alba |
WM |
Oc |
|
|
Large -pied Wagtail |
78.Motacilla maderaspatensis |
WM |
Uc |
|
|
Yellow Wagtail |
79.Motacilla flava |
WM |
Rr |
RS = Resident species LM = local migrant species SM = summer migrant species WM = winter migrant species
Ab = abundant species Oc = occasional species Cm= common species Uc = uncommon species Rr rare species
Chopraet al., 2013
1037 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Fig 2: Percentage composition of residential status of wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park,
Gurgaon (India)
Fig 3: Percentage composition of abundance status of wetland bird species of Sultanpur National Park, Gurgaon (India)
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1038
Chopra et al., 2013
Order |
No. of species (%) |
Family |
No. of species (%) |
1.Podicipediformes |
(1) 1.26 % |
Podicipedidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
2.Pelecaniformes |
(4 ) 5.06 % |
Phdlacrocoracidae |
(4) 5.06 % |
3.Ciconiiformes |
(12) 15.18 % |
Ardeidae |
(7) 8.86 % |
|
|
Ciconiidae |
(3) 3.79 % |
|
|
Threskiornithidae |
(2) 2.53 % |
4.Anseriformes |
(15) 18.90 % |
Anatidae |
(15) 18.90 % |
5.Falconiformes |
(7) 8.86 % |
Accipitridae |
(7) 8.86 % |
6.Gruiiformes |
(5) 6.32 % |
Gruidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
|
|
Rallidae |
(4) 5.06 % |
7.Charadriiformes |
(14) 17.72 % |
Charadriidae |
(3) 3.79 % |
|
|
Jacanidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
|
|
Scolopacidae |
(8) 10.12 % |
|
|
Recurvirostridae |
(2) 2.53 % |
8.Apodiformes |
(1) 1.26 % |
Apodidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
9.Coraciiformes |
(7) 8.86 % |
Alcedinidae |
(2) 2.53 % |
|
|
Meropidae |
(3) 3.79 % |
|
|
Coraciidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
10. Passeriformes |
(13) 16.45 % |
Bucerotidae Hirundinidae |
(1) 1.26 % (2) 2.53 % |
|
|
Oriolidae |
(1) 1.26 % |
|
|
Dicruridae |
(1) 1.26 % |
|
|
Muscicapidae |
(5) 6.32 % |
|
|
Motacillidae |
(4) 5.06 % |
Table 2: Per cent distribution of avian species belonging to different orders and families
1039 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040
Chopra et al., 2013
Chopra et al., 2013
Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(5): 1032-1040 1040
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