Larvicidal activity of two seaweeds, Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing and Sargassum wightii Greville against mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi
Keywords:
Larvicidal potential, Anopheles stephensi, Chaetomorpha antennina and Sargassum wightii .
711-715 | JRB | 2012 | Vol 2 | No 8
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Dates:
Received: 27 Oct 2012 Accepted: 14 Nov 2012 Published: 12 Nov 2012
Article Citation:
Poonguzhali TV and Josmin Laali Nisha LL.
Larvicidal activity of two seaweeds, Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing and Sargassum wightii Greville against mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi.
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(8): 711-715
Original Research
Journal of Research in Biology
Journal of Research in Biology
ABSTRACT:
Tropical and subtropical regions of the world are the most prevalent area of malaria and are mainly caused by infection with species of Plasmodium, through Anopheles mosquitoes to human. It is critical to manage the spread of disease causing agents by the use of conventional synthetic chemical insecticides to control the mosquitoes. When mosquitoes develop resistance to the insecticides the effectiveness of these chemicals for vector control is diminished. In addition to that, the use of synthetic chemical insecticides leads to environmental pollution and some evidence suggests that these materials act as immune suppressants. The approaches for control of malarial transmission are by interrupting mosquito life cycle at larval stage. The present study is to determine the larvicidal potential of two macroalgae collected from eastern coast of India against malarial parasite Anopheles stephensi.
An International Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Poonguzhali TV1 and Josmin Laali Nisha LL2.
Institution:
P.G and Research Department of Botany, Queen Mary’s College -
600 004.
2. Research scholar, Department of Botany, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai - 600 004.
P.G and research department of Botany, Queeen Mary’s College, Chennai-600 004, India.
Corresponding author:
Poonguzhali TV.
Email:
pooqmc@gamil.com ,
josminll@rediffmail.com
Phone No:
+91-9841380698.
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0294.pdf.
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION
The most dangerous and spreading major public health problem in more than 100 countries, inhabited by a total of some 2.4 billion people, or close to half of the world’s population is malaria (Persidis, 2000). Tropical and subtropical regions of the world are the most prevalent area of malaria and are mainly caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, or P. malariae, which are transmitted to humans only by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
It is critical to manage the spread of disease causing agents by use of conventional synthetic chemical insecticides to control the mosquitoes. When mosquitoes develop resistance to the insecticides the effectiveness of these chemicals for vector control is diminished (Tabashnik et al., 1991). In addition to that, the use of synthetic chemical insecticides lead to the cause of environmental pollution. Apart from this, these materials also act as immuno suppressants (Sengottayan, 2007). Chemical control methods have been practiced against the immature or the adult of malaria vectors. Using chemical larvicides has been performed during the fight against malaria in Iran and still considered as an important part of vector mosquito control. But chemical larvicides are now found to be toxic to fish and other non-target organisms as well as to the environment. This also leads to insecticide resistance in arthropods. Extract of whole leaf and essential oil of certain plants have been investigated, and found to be toxic effect against some public health pests (Hadjiakhoondi et al., 2006 and Hadjiakhoondi et al., 2003).
Most of the researches deal with ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activities using plant derived products for controlling the malarial vector (Gbolade, 2001). The larval stage is the most vulnerable and best stage to attack mosquitoes as they are concentrated in smaller areas during their developmental stage. Thus, the approaches for control of malarial transmission are by interrupting mosquito life cycle at larval stage.
Several species of marine algae from coastlines of India have been reported for this purpose (Sohrabipour and Rabii, 1999). Different secondary metabolites are produced by marine algae with a wide range of bio activities (Mayer et al., 2003-04). Many studies have been achieved on the screening of biological effects of marine organisms and many active compounds were isolated and characterized (Blunden, 2001). Larvicidal property of Ulva fasciata and Grateloupia lithophila against Culex quinquefasciatus has already been carried out by (Poonguzhali and Nisha, 2012). This study was aimed to determine the larvicidal activity of different extracts of Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Kützing and Sargassum wightii Greville, collected from peninsular coast of India, against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of algae and extract preparation
Two seaweed samples, Chaetomorpha antennina and Sargassum wightii were collected from the peninsular coast of India. The healthy algal material were harvested manually and washed thoroughly in running water to remove epizoones, epiphytes, animal castings, sand, calcareous and other adhering detritus matters. Cleaned algal materials were shade dried under room temperature for 4-5 days. The completely dried material was powdered using electric blender.
Three different extracts using methanol, acetone and benzene were prepared by submerging the powder in three different flasks of each containing 1000 mg/L and placed at 35°C in a shaker at 120 rpm for 7 days for the extraction of active ingredients. From this stock solution, dilutions were made to prepare different concentrations such as 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L respectively, including positive (with three solvents alone) and negative controls (larvae exposed to dechlorinated water without solvent).
Test mosquito larvae
Larvae of Anopheles stephensi were collected from rice field and stagnant water areas of Chennai. It was maintained at 27±2°C, 75-85% relative humidity and 14L:10D photoperiod cycles. The larvae were fed with dog biscuits and yeast at 3:1 ratio.
Bioassay
The larvicidal bioassay followed the World Health Organization (WHO) standard protocols (WHO, 1981). Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides, WHO/VBC, 81:807, with slight modifications. Bioassay were conducted with larvae were collected with a Pasteur pipette, placed on filter paper for removal of excess water and transferred (25 per test) with a tiny brush into beakers containing different concentrations of algal extracts (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L) with 1000 ml of tap water each. Larvae were exposed to the samples at room temperature for 48 h and the mortality/survival was registered after the first 24 h. Each test was run in triplicate
The persistence of larvicidal activity of the algal extract was tested by running bioassays with the same samples after 15, 30 and 60 days.
Data analysis
The larval mortality in each concentration and control was recorded after 24 h of exposure. Percentage mortalities were corrected for the natural mortality observed in the negative controls. The LC50 and LC90 value was calculated by using Probit analysis (Finney, 1971).
RESULTS
Results of the larvicidal activity of three different extracts (methanol, acetone, and benzene) of C. antennina and S. wightii against the larvae of A. stephensi was performed under laboratory evaluation. The results exhibited larval mortality rate of A. stephensi after the treatment of the three different extracts of C. antennina and S. wightii at different concentrations (100-500 mg/L). In terms of lethal concentration for 50% and 90% mortality (LC50 and LC90) values were represented as follows: LC50 value of A. stephensi extract of C. antennina was 432.26, followed by other extracts while LC50 value of the benzene extract of S. wightii was 435.24 followed by methanolic and acetone extract, for A. stephensi LC90 value of the methanol extract of C. antennina was 838.87, followed by benzene extract and acetone extract; while LC90 value of the methanol extract of S. wightii was 864.63, followed by benzene and acetone extract (Table 1 and 2). The LC50 values of S. wightii revealed that the larvae A. stephensi was more susceptible to benzene extract C. antennina followed by methanol and acetone (Benzene> Methanol> Acetone). The larval mortality rate of A. stephensi after the treatment of the three different extracts at different concentrations (100-500 mg/L) showed that methanol extract was more efficient than the other extracts and the lethal hierarchy is (Methanol> Benzene> Acetone) (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
Mosquito control and the management of the spread of disease causing agents is critical and is based primarily on the use of conventional synthetic chemical insecticides. A number of research from terrestrial plant extracts have been studied previously for toxicity to larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes, including those from Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae), Rhinacanthus nasutus (Acanthaceae), Solanum surattense (Solanaceae), Samadera indica (Simaroubaceae), and Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae) (Pushpanathan et al., 2006 and Thangam and Kathiresan, 1991). As India is a peninsular country having wide coastal area with rich reserves of seaweeds they can be easily exploited for various potentials. Our investigations were focused on larvicidal potential of seaweeds.
The acetone extract of seaweeds Caulerpa scalpelliformis and Dictyota dichotoma exhibited mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (Thangam and Kathiresan, 1991). Albeit the larvicidal potential of seaweeds was well established, no evidence was available on the field trials of seaweed based mosquito repellents. (Mullai and Jebanesan, 2006) reported the larvicidal efficacy of the leaf extract of Cucumis pubescens with four different solvents against late third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti. The seaweeds (U. fasciata and H. musciformis) produced 100% larva mortality at 10 mg/mL (Selvin and Lipton, 2004). There is no previous report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of C. antennina and S. wightii from the coasts of Tamil Nadu. Of the two algae screened, S. wightii was found to be more effective against A. stephensi larva in all the three extracts.
Sargassum wightii Greville (Sargassaceae) is an abundant marine brown alga commonly found in the shorelines of India. It is a macroscopic, multicellular, photosynthetic, non vascular, pelagic marine species (Sumich and Morrissey, 2004) rich in sulphated polysaccharides that manifest potent free radical scavenging (Park et al., 2005) and antioxidant effects. These properties justify that S. wightii from our present study suggest that its biologically active compounds that may be useful in mosquito control and as alternatives to conventional synthetic larvicide. Similarly in the present study, S. wightii frond extract treatment resulted in higher larval mortality which might be due to the multiple actions of dioctyl phthalate and other bioactive compounds present in the seaweed.
CONCLUSION
This study poses the following suggestions: S. wightii which is promising locally available seaweed can be cultivated in coastal areas. As the use of seaweeds for larvicidal activity was potent and safe to non target cohabitants, their bioactives which is efficient in larvicidal activity can be explored. The extracts from these algae may be useful for the improvement of new natural insecticides, however, further investigations are needed to identify and purify the effective components and their mechanisms of action of these algae.
REFERENCES
Blunden G. 2001. Biologically active compounds from marine organisms. Phytother Res., 15(2):89-94.
Finney DJ. 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge (England), Cambridge University Press.
Gbolade A. 2001. A: Plant-derived insecticides in the control of malaria vector. J. Trop. Med. Plants (2):91-97.
Hadjiakhoondi A, Sadeghipour-Roodsari HR, Vatandoost H, Khanavi M, Abaee MR, Vosoughi M. 2006. Fatty acid composition and toxicity of Melia azedarach L. fruits against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Iranian J Pharm Sci., 2(2):97-102.
Hadjiakhoondi A, Vatandoost H, Jamshidi A, Bagherj Amiri E. 2003. Chemical constituents and efficacy of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss) bar essential oil against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Daru 11(3):125-8.
Mayer AMS, Rodriguez AD, Berlinck RGS, Hamann MT. 2003-04. Marine pharmacology in 2003-04. Comp Biochem Phys 2007;145(c), 553-81.
Sengottayan Senthil Nathan 2007. The use of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. (Myrtaceae) oil (leaf extract) as a natural larvicidal agent against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioresour Tech., 98:1856-60.
Park PJ, Heo SJ, Park EJ, Kim SK, Byun HG, Jeon BT, Jeon YJ. 2005. Reactive oxygen scavenging effect of enzymatic extracts from Sargassum thunbergii. J Agr Food Chem 53(17):6666-72
Persidis A. 2000. A: Malaria. Nature Biotech., 18:111-112.
Poonguzhali TV and Nisha LL. 2012. Larvicidal activity of two seaweeds, Ulva fasciata and Grateloupia lithophila against mosquito vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Int J Curr Sci., 163-168.
Pushpanathan T, Jebanesan A, Govindarajan M. 2006. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Cymbopogan citratus Stapf (Graminae) essential oil against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) Diptera: Culicidae. Trop Biomed 23(2):208-12.
Selvin J and Lipton AP. 2004. Biopotentials of Ulva fasciata and Hypnea musiformis collected from the peninsular coast of India. J. Mar. Sci. Techol., 12:1-6.
Subramonia Thangam T, Kathiresan K. 1991. Mosquito larvicidal activity of mangrove plant extracts against Aedes aegypti. Int Pest Contr 34:116-9.
Sumich JL, Morrissey JF. 2004. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, 8th edn, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sadbury.
Sohrabipour J, Rabii R. 1999. A list of marine algae of sea shores of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the Hormozgan province. Iran J Bot., 8(1):131-62.
Tabashnik BE, Finson N, Johnson MW. 1991. Managing resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Lessons from the Diamond back Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Entomological Society of America 84(1): 49-55.
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712 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(8): 711-715
Poonguzhali and Nisha, 2012
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(8): 711-715 713
Poonguzhali and Nisha, 2012
Extract |
LC50 (mg/L) |
95% Confidence Limits |
LC90 (mg/L) |
95% Confidence Limits |
||
LCL |
UCL |
LCL |
UCL |
|||
Methanol |
432.26 |
386.68687 |
491.41 |
838.87 |
732.30711 |
1006.40095 |
Acetone |
359.71 |
304.97613 |
425.66 |
728.45 |
617.45753 |
930.00502 |
Benzene |
426.74 |
391.23655 |
524.24 |
795.80 |
681.07149 |
994.52389 |
Table 1 Effect of methanolic, acetone and benzene extracts of Cheatomorpha antennina against mosquito larvae A. stephensi
LC50 = lethal concentration to cause 50% mortality in population.
LC90 = lethal concentration to cause 90% mortality in population.
LCL: 95% of Lower Confidence Limit; UCL: 95% of Upper Confidence Limit.
714 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(8): 711-715
Poonguzhali and Nisha, 2012
Extract |
LC50 (mg/L) |
95% Confidence Limits |
LC90 (mg/L) |
95% Confidence Limits |
||
LCL |
UCL |
LCL |
UCL |
|||
Methanol |
424.57 |
362.34390 |
512.20613 |
864.63 |
721.26315 |
1132.02774 |
Acetone |
363.14 |
311.81629 |
424.19872 |
757.54 |
648.34725 |
944.78106 |
Benzene |
435.24 |
379.38059 |
511.75093 |
814.36 |
694.89253 |
1020.66012 |
Table 2 Effect of methanolic, acetone and benzene extracts of Sargassum wightii against
mosquito larvae A. stephensi
LC50 = lethal concentration to cause 50% mortality in population.
LC90 = lethal concentration to cause 90% mortality in population.
LCL: 95% of Lower Confidence Limit; UCL: 95% of Upper Confidence Limit.
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(8): 711-715 715
Poonguzhali and Nisha, 2012
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